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              THE  HOSPITAL  FACILITIES 1. Planning and Feasibility Study The first and most crucial stage of creating a hospital is conducting a feasibility study. This study helps determine whether the project is viable, sustainable, and meets the needs of the target population. 1.1. Identifying Community Needs Before embarking on the project, it is essential to understand the healthcare needs of the community. This includes assessing the population size, prevalent diseases, existing healthcare services, and gaps in medical infrastructure. The hospital should aim to fill these gaps by providing services that are currently unavailable or insufficiently available. 1.2. Defining the Hospital’s Mission and Vision Once the needs are identified, defining the hospital’s mission and vision becomes the next step. The mission defines the hospital's purpose, while the vision outlines the long-term goals. For example, a hospital's mission might be to p...
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              दवा    का इतिहास प्रारंभिक चिकित्सा चिकित्सा का इतिहास मानव सभ्यता के प्रारंभिक दिनों से जुड़ा हुआ है। प्राचीन सभ्यताओं ने स्वास्थ्य की देखभाल के लिए विभिन्न विधियों का विकास किया। मिस्र, मेसोपोटामिया, भारत, और चीन जैसी प्राचीन संस्कृतियों में चिकित्सा की जड़ें पाई जाती हैं। मिस्र में, चिकित्सक न केवल शारीरिक रोगों का इलाज करते थे, बल्कि जादू और धार्मिक अनुष्ठानों का भी सहारा लेते थे। हिप्पोक्रेट्स जैसे ग्रीक चिकित्सकों ने विज्ञान और तर्क के आधार पर चिकित्सा का विकास किया, जिससे चिकित्सा को एक पेशेवर रूप मिला। आयुर्वेद और प्राचीन भारतीय चिकित्सा भारत में, आयुर्वेद चिकित्सा का एक महत्वपूर्ण अंग है, जिसका इतिहास लगभग 5000 साल पुराना है। आयुर्वेद ने जीवन की तीन मुख्य तत्वों (वात, पित्त, कफ) के आधार पर स्वास्थ्य की अवधारणा को विकसित किया। आयुर्वेद में रोगों का कारण जानने और उसके अनुसार उपचार करने का जोर दिया गया। चरक संहिता और सुश्रुत संहिता जैसे प्राचीन ग्रंथों में चिकित्सा के सिद्धांत और विधियों का विस्तार से वर्णन किया गया ह...
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            THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE  1. Prehistoric Medicine Prehistoric medicine relied heavily on natural remedies and spiritual beliefs. Archaeological evidence suggests that early humans used plants, animal parts, and minerals for healing. Trepanation (drilling holes into the skull) is one of the earliest known surgical procedures, believed to release evil spirits or treat head injuries. Shamans and healers, who were often spiritual leaders, played a crucial role in early communities, blending herbal medicine with rituals. 2. Ancient Civilizations As societies became more structured, so did their medical practices. Ancient Egyptian medicine (c. 3000 BCE) was a blend of practical treatments and spiritual healing. Medical papyri, such as the Ebers Papyrus, provide insight into their knowledge of anatomy, treatments for various diseases, and use of herbal remedies. In Mesopotamia, healing was also tied to spirituality. The Code of Hammurabi (c. 1754 B...

History of pharmacy

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                         THE HISTORY OF PHARMACY Ancient Beginnings: Prehistoric and Early Civilizations Pharmacy, the science and practice of preparing, dispensing, and reviewing drugs and providing additional clinical services, has roots in ancient times. In prehistoric societies, healing was intertwined with spiritual rituals, where medicine men and shamans used plants and natural substances to treat the sick. These rudimentary practices laid the foundation for pharmacy. Mesopotamia and Egypt : The first organized systems of pharmacy arose in ancient Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) around 2100 BCE. Cuneiform tablets discovered in this region mention the use of plant-based medicines and instructions for their preparation. In ancient Egypt, pharmacy was closely linked to religion. Egyptian medical papyri, such as the Ebers Papyrus (1550 BCE), describe medicinal plants, prescriptions, and methods of compounding medications. It a...